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Body Temperature

Body Temperature

The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...

Body Temperature

Body Temperature

Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may include:

Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...

Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

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Published on: November 26, 2012

Dual-responsive pegylated polypeptoids with tunable cloud point temperatures.

Xiaohui Fu¹, Jiliang Tian¹, Zheng Li¹

¹Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.

|December 12, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel pegylated polypeptoids with tunable thermo-responsive properties. These advanced materials offer dual-stimuli responsiveness for potential biomedical applications.

Keywords:

polypeptoid redox responsive ring-opening polymerization thermo-responsive

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Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Biomaterials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Thermo-responsive polymers are crucial for smart materials.
Controlling polymer properties like solubility and phase transition is key for applications.
Developing polymers with tunable and multiple response mechanisms is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize novel pegylated polypeptoids with tunable thermo-responsive properties.
To incorporate branched oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) units and thioether bonds into polypeptoid side-chains.
To investigate the dual-stimuli responsiveness (temperature and redox) of these synthesized polypeptoids.

Main Methods:

Synthesis via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and thiol-yne photoaddition.
Incorporation of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and thioether functionalities.
Tuning cloud points (CPs) by varying composition, OEG length, and degree of polymerization.

Main Results:

Readily synthesized pegylated polypeptoids soluble in aqueous solution.
Demonstrated tunable thermo-responsive properties with cloud points ranging from ~25°C to 60°C.
Showcased dual-stimuli responsiveness by tuning CPs via chemical composition and thioether redox state.

Conclusions:

Pegylated polypeptoids with tunable, dual-responsive phase transitions were successfully synthesized.
The tunable nature and dual-stimuli responsiveness make them promising for biomedical applications.
These materials offer a versatile platform for advanced biotechnological solutions.