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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables.

Francesco Lenzini1,2, Jiri Janousek3,4, Oliver Thearle3,4

  • 1Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology and Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.

Science Advances
|December 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate a single device for generating and manipulating quantum states using integrated photonics. This key step advances fully integrated quantum information processing with continuous variables.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum photonics
  • Integrated quantum circuits
  • Quantum information science

Background:

  • Integrated quantum photonics enables scalable generation, manipulation, and detection of optical quantum states.
  • Miniaturized waveguide circuits confine light for advanced quantum applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a single device for generating, manipulating, and detecting nonclassical light.
  • To advance a fully integrated approach to quantum information with continuous variables.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dynamically reconfigurable lithium niobate waveguide network.
  • Generated and characterized squeezed vacuum and two-mode entangled states.
  • Performed interferometric homodyne detection on a single chip.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a squeezing level of -1.38 ± 0.04 dB.
  • Demonstrated entanglement by verifying an inseparability criterion I = 0.77 ± 0.02 < 1.
  • Showcased the generation and manipulation of nonclassical light on a single integrated device.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform integrates all essential processes for optical quantum technology.
  • High nonlinearity and fast reconfigurability are ideal for quantum computation with continuous-variable cluster states.
  • This work is a significant step toward fully integrated quantum information processing.