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Development of Analytical Methods01:21

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An analytical methodology can be divided into four sequential steps: technique, method, procedure, and protocol. A technique is a scientific principle that rationalizes a specific phenomenon through chemical measurements. Adapting a technique for analyzing a sample of interest is termed a method. The procedure outlines the directions for performing the analysis via an analytical method. The protocol is the detailed guidelines on the procedure, which should be strictly followed to obtain the...
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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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In certain chromatographic separations, solutes transfer between the mobile phase and the stationary phase via sorption, which typically refers to the process of adsorption. For many chromatographic systems, the sorption process often depends on the polarity of the compounds—an expression of the overall dipole moment within the molecule. During the separation process, there is competition between the solute and solvent for adsorption to the stationary phase. Highly polar compounds and...
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An Overview of DNA Analytical Methods.

Valerie A Arboleda1, Rena R Xian2,3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Genomic sequencing technologies have revolutionized biology and medicine, enabling personalized treatments for diseases like cancer. This overview covers advancements from Sanger sequencing to third-generation methods, highlighting their applications and potential.

Keywords:
BioinformaticsDNAIlluminaIon torrentMicroarrayNanoporeNext-generation sequencing (NGS)RNASequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Biomedical Research
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Rapid parallel sequencing has transformed genetics, impacting biology and medicine.
  • Genomic sequencing is essential for diagnosing constitutional diseases and cancer, driving personalized medicine.
  • The NIH's 2015 Precision Medicine Initiative accelerated the adoption of genomic technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of core genomic sequencing technologies.
  • To analyze the strengths and weaknesses of various DNA analysis methods.
  • To establish a foundation for understanding nucleic acid and epigenetic analysis using these technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of first-generation (Sanger) sequencing.
  • Examination of microarray-based technologies.
  • Analysis of second-generation (Next-Generation Sequencing - NGS) methods.
  • Overview of emerging third-generation single-molecule and long-read sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Genomic technologies have evolved significantly, offering diverse capabilities for DNA analysis.
  • Each sequencing generation presents unique advantages and limitations.
  • Understanding mutation types is key to leveraging these technologies for broader applications.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic sequencing is a cornerstone of modern biomedical research and clinical practice.
  • The progression of sequencing technologies continues to expand the scope of genetic and epigenetic analysis.
  • These advancements are fundamental to the future of precision medicine.