Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026
07:02
Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
Published on: April 29, 2020
8.5K
ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS ASSOCIATED WITH NOROVIRUS GII.4 VARIANTS
Fabiana Lopes de Paula1,2, Silvia Inês Sardi1, Dellane Martins Tigre1,3
1Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Virologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.
Arquivos De Gastroenterologia
|December 13, 2018
Summary
Norovirus (NoV) causes acute gastroenteritis, particularly in children. This study identified diverse NoV GII.4 variants circulating in Salvador, Brazil, highlighting the need for molecular epidemiology surveillance.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Virology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally, affecting all age groups, with a significant impact on children.
- NoV Genotype II, genotype 4 (GII.4) is the most common worldwide due to its genetic diversity.
- Limited molecular characterization studies of NoV exist for Northeast Brazil.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detect Norovirus (NoV) in acute gastroenteritis cases.
- To describe the molecular epidemiology of NoV in Salvador, Brazil.
Main Methods:
- Nested RT-PCR was used to detect viral RNA in 278 stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis.
- Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed to determine Norovirus (NoV) genotypes.
- Samples were collected from March 2009 to July 2012 at Aliança Hospital, Salvador.
Main Results:
- Norovirus (NoV) was detected in 54.2% of patients under 5 years of age.
- Multiple Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 variants, including Den Haag 2006b, New Orleans 2009, and Sydney 2012, were identified.
- The study period revealed the circulation of diverse NoV GII.4 strains in Salvador.
Conclusions:
- The findings underscore the importance of ongoing molecular epidemiological studies of Norovirus (NoV) infections.
- Continuous surveillance is crucial for understanding Norovirus (NoV) prevalence and genetic diversity in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Related Concept Videos
02:30Histone Variants at the Centromere
5.1K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
5.1K
01:23Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
669
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
669
01:20Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction
6.3K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
6.3K
01:19Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development
631
The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
631
00:55Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction
4.7K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
4.7K
01:30Acute Pharyngitis
4.2K
Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
4.2K