Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026
Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study
Published on: April 18, 2025
Current Trends of Cardiovascular Risk Determinants in Pakistan
1Biochemistry, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, PAK.
Insights
Cardiovascular disease risk factors are more common in Pakistani patients than controls. Females and younger individuals show a higher prevalence, with hypertension and dyslipidemia being key concerns.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pose a significant global health burden.
- Understanding the prevalence of CVD risk factors in specific populations is crucial for targeted interventions.
- Previous studies in Pakistan have indicated a rising trend in CVD, necessitating further investigation into associated risk factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors in a Pakistani population.
- To compare the incidence of these risk factors between patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and control subjects.
- To analyze the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking on CVD risk factors.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study design was employed, recruiting 835 patients with CAD and 794 healthy controls.
- Data on major risk factors including age, BMI, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were collected using standardized definitions.
- Statistical analysis, including Student's t-test, was used to compare biochemical and clinical parameters between groups.
Main Results:
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors were significantly more prevalent in the patient group compared to controls (P < 0.05).
- Females exhibited higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (vLDL-C) than males (P < 0.05).
- Smokers and individuals with elevated BMI showed significantly higher blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Younger individuals (≤45 years) presented with the highest lipid profile levels.
Conclusions:
- The study highlights a higher propensity for CVD risk factors at a younger age, with a notable female predominance.
- Hypertension and dyslipidemia were identified as the most prominent risk factors in the studied Pakistani population.
- These findings underscore the need for early screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly in younger females.
Abstract:
We carried out a case control study to determine the prevalence of various cardiovascular risk factors in a Pakistani population. A total of 835 patients (555 males and 280 females) and 794 control subjects (486 males and 308 females) were recruited in this study. Patients with documented history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were included. We assessed major risk factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension and dyslipidemia, using pre-specified definitions. A comparative analysis of the biochemical and clinical parameters was carried out between controls and patients using student's t test. We observed that the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were more prominent in the patient group as compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In the whole studied population females had increased levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.01), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.02), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (vLDL-C) (P = 0.02) as compared to males. Among patients group all the risk factors were significantly higher and more prevalent in females when compared with male patients (P < 0.05). The study population was also analyzed according to the smoking status and BMI to study the effect of these risk factors independently. The smokers and study subjects with raised BMI had significantly raised blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The role of age as a risk factor was also investigated in the current study. The persons with age ≤45 years had the highest levels of lipid profile including TC, TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), vLDL-C and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the three (≤45, 46-55, ≥56 years) groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates an increased propensity of CVD risk factors at a younger age with female preponderance. Moreover, hypertension and dyslipidemia are the most prominent of the risk factors.
More Related Videos
10:11Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Published on: October 22, 2014
06:04Author Spotlight: Assessing the Cardiovascular Profile of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Published on: September 27, 2024
Related Concept Videos
01:28Current Trends in Nursing I
01:30Current Trends in Nursing II
01:12Relative Risk
01:29Issues And Trends In Healthcare Delivery System
Cost Containment
Payment for healthcare services has historically promoted adoption of costly and often unnecessary or inefficient...
01:14Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Heart
The heart is the central pump of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood throughout the body. It comprises two atria receiving the blood and two ventricles pumping blood out of the heart. Their rhythmic contractions, called heartbeats, ensure that blood flow remains continuous.
Blood Vessels
Blood...
01:27Regulation of the Cardiovascular System
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...