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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

5.2K
The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.7K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

4.9K
Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
4.9K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.3K
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

17.4K
The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

The Mouse Stroke Unit Protocol with Standardized Neurological Scoring for Translational Mouse Stroke Studies
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The Mouse Stroke Unit Protocol with Standardized Neurological Scoring for Translational Mouse Stroke Studies

Published on: February 7, 2025

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Lipocalin-2 in Stroke.

Wen-Hai Chou1, Guona Wang1, Varun Kumar1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44224, USA.

Neuro : Open Journal
|December 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) plays a key role in neuroinflammation following stroke. Understanding LCN2

Keywords:
24p3BiomarkerLipocalin-2NGALNeutrophilPKCPhosphorylationReperfusion injuryStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Stroke is a major cause of adult disability.
  • Targeted therapies for stroke remain limited.
  • Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is identified as an acute phase protein involved in post-stroke neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in stroke.
  • To discuss the specific role of LCN2 in stroke pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of LCN2-related studies in stroke.
  • Analysis of LCN2's involvement in neuroinflammation.

Main Results:

  • LCN2 is implicated in mediating neuroinflammation after both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
  • Emerging evidence highlights LCN2's significant role in stroke.

Conclusions:

  • Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a critical factor in stroke-induced neuroinflammation.
  • Further research into LCN2 may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for stroke.