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Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
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Approaches to Capturing Value in Oncology.

Evelyn Walter1

  • 1Institute for Pharmaeconomic Research, Vienna, Austria. ew@ipf-ac.at.

Recent Results in Cancer Research. Fortschritte Der Krebsforschung. Progres Dans Les Recherches Sur Le Cancer
|December 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Evaluating new oncology treatments requires assessing their value. This review compares five frameworks, highlighting differences in cost inclusion and outcomes, to aid rational health decision-making for patients and providers.

Keywords:
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratioQuality-adjusted life yearValue frameworkWillingness-to-pay threshold

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Health Economics
  • Health Policy

Background:

  • Rising costs of novel oncological therapies necessitate thorough assessment for implementation and financing.
  • The complexity of cancer treatments within health policy makes value assessment challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and compare different value frameworks used in evaluating new oncological developments.
  • To identify key differences and shortcomings among existing value assessment frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of five prominent value frameworks: ESMO Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale, ASCO Value Framework (v2.0), NCCN Evidence Blocks, MSKCC DrugAbacus, and ICER Value Assessment Framework.
  • Analysis of framework criteria, outcomes, cost inclusion, and target stakeholders.

Main Results:

  • All reviewed frameworks utilize a broad set of criteria but exhibit considerable variation in outcomes.
  • Key differences include the incorporation of costs, the specific outcomes measured, and the intended audience (stakeholders).

Conclusions:

  • Despite variations and limitations, value frameworks are essential for introducing rationality into health decision-making.
  • These frameworks support informed decisions for physicians, patients, and financing bodies regarding new cancer therapies.