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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens
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Microbiota-Derived Lactate Accelerates Intestinal Stem-Cell-Mediated Epithelial Development.

Yong-Soo Lee1, Tae-Young Kim1, Yeji Kim1

  • 1Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Cell Host & Microbe
|December 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactic-acid-producing bacteria (LAB) promote gut health by stimulating intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to regenerate the gut lining. This process, mediated by lactate and its receptor Gpr81, aids in healing gut injury.

Keywords:
Gpr81gut microbiotaintestinal stem celllactatesymbiont

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Gut symbionts are crucial for homeostasis, but their mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Lactic-acid-producing bacteria (LAB) are key gut symbionts.
  • The role of LAB in intestinal stem cell (ISC)-mediated epithelial development requires clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of LAB in ISC-mediated epithelial development.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which LAB influence gut homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were fed LAB-type symbionts (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp.).
  • Lactate production and its effect on ISC proliferation were analyzed.
  • Gpr81-deficient mice were used to assess the role of the lactate receptor.
  • Mice were subjected to gut injury models involving radiation and chemotherapy.

Main Results:

  • LAB administration significantly increased the expansion of ISCs, Paneth cells, and goblet cells.
  • Lactate stimulated ISC proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling in Paneth cells and stromal cells.
  • Lactate-deficient LAB strains showed reduced ISC proliferation.
  • LAB or lactate pre-treatment protected mice against radiation and chemotherapy-induced gut injury.
  • Gpr81 deficiency impaired ISC-mediated epithelial development.

Conclusions:

  • LAB-derived lactate is pivotal in promoting ISC-mediated epithelial development.
  • This process is dependent on the lactate receptor Gpr81.
  • LAB and their metabolite lactate offer a protective effect against gut injury.