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A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
Published on: February 22, 2022
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The Association between the Change in Directly Measured Cardiorespiratory Fitness across Time and Mortality Risk.
Mary T Imboden1, Matthew P Harber1, Mitchell H Whaley1
1Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States of America.
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
|December 14, 2018
Summary
Improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over time significantly reduces mortality risk from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Subsequent CRF measurements are stronger predictors of mortality than initial assessments.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Preventive Medicine
- Exercise Physiology
Background:
- Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is linked to mortality risk, but studies often use single measurements.
- Evidence on the impact of *changes* in CRF over time on mortality is limited, especially using directly measured CRF.
- Previous research primarily relied on estimated CRF (CRFe), leaving the impact of measured CRF changes less understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between changes in directly measured CRF over time and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality.
- To compare the predictive power of baseline versus subsequent CRF measurements for all-cause mortality.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from 833 healthy men and women who underwent two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) at least one year apart.
- Tracked participants for mortality outcomes (all-cause, CVD, cancer) over a mean follow-up of 17.7 years.
- Employed Cox-proportional hazard models to analyze the relationship between changes in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and mortality, comparing CPX1 and CPX2 VO2peak using a Wald-Chi square test.
Main Results:
- An increase in CRF was inversely associated with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality (p < 0.05).
- Each 1 mL·kg-1·min-1 increase in CRF corresponded to significant reductions in all-cause (11%), CVD (15%), and cancer (16%) mortality (p < 0.001).
- CRF measured at the second CPX (CPX2 VO2peak) was a stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than baseline CRF (CPX1 VO2peak) (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
- Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness over time are significantly linked to reduced mortality risk.
- Subsequent CRF measurements provide a more robust prediction of all-cause mortality compared to baseline assessments.
- These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle choices that enhance CRF and support routine CRF assessment in clinical settings for risk evaluation.
Keywords:
CancerCardiopulmonary exercise testingCardiovascular diseaseExercise trainingRisk reductionMore Related Videos
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