Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

2.9K
The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
2.9K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

2.6K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
2.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

130.7K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
130.7K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.1K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.5K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.5K
Buffers02:56

Buffers

172.8K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
172.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Risk of cardiovascular events and death following retinal arterial occlusion and transient monocular visual loss.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Retinal Neuronal Loss as Additive Prognostic Markers of Disability in Multiple Sclerosis.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Concerns regarding the 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

The Lancet. Neurology·2026
Same author

Intermittent diplopia: a practical guide.

Practical neurology·2026
Same author

Correction: Treatment of post-vaccination optic neuritis: implications from the global SARS-CoV-2 vaccination effort.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

Corneal confocal microscopy as a paraclinical test in neurodegenerative disease: a scoping review.

The British journal of ophthalmology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions
12:20

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

18.7K

The relevance of buffer system ionic strength in immunoassay development.

Axel Petzold1

  • 1Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.

Journal of Immunological Methods
|December 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing buffer ionic strength and using barbiturate can significantly improve neurofilament immunoassays for neurodegeneration. These findings enhance antibody-based detection of neurofilament heavy chain proteins.

Keywords:
BarbitoneBiomarkerBufferImmunoassayIonic strengthPolyampholyteProtein structure

More Related Videos

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens
09:08

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

Published on: September 12, 2016

9.2K
Author Spotlight: Developing Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Hemorrhagic Shock Research
08:14

Author Spotlight: Developing Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Hemorrhagic Shock Research

Published on: March 22, 2024

2.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions
12:20

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

18.7K
Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens
09:08

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

Published on: September 12, 2016

9.2K
Author Spotlight: Developing Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Hemorrhagic Shock Research
08:14

Author Spotlight: Developing Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Hemorrhagic Shock Research

Published on: March 22, 2024

2.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Validated immunoassays for neurodegeneration target class III and IV intermediate filaments.
  • Intrinsically unstructured protein tails in intermediate filaments impact antibody binding and assay performance.
  • Neurofilament heavy chain is a key biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of buffer ionic strength on neurofilament immunoassay signal-to-noise ratio.
  • To evaluate the dose-dependent effect of barbiturate on epitope recognition and protein quantification.
  • To provide insights for optimizing immunoassay development for neurodegenerative biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized immunoassays targeting neurofilament heavy chain.
  • Systematically varied buffer ionic strength.
  • Introduced barbiturate in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Measured analytical signal-to-noise ratio and protein quantification.

Main Results:

  • Higher ionic strengths in buffer systems improved the signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Barbiturate demonstrated a dose-dependent enhancement of epitope recognition.
  • Enhanced epitope recognition led to improved neurofilament protein quantification.

Conclusions:

  • Buffer ionic strength is a critical factor for optimizing neurofilament immunoassays.
  • Barbiturate can be used to enhance antibody-based detection of neurofilaments.
  • These findings offer practical strategies for developing more sensitive and reliable neurodegeneration diagnostics.