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Related Concept Videos

Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.4K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
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Centroid of a Body01:16

Centroid of a Body

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The centroid is an important concept in engineering, physics, and mechanics. It is the geometric center of a body. It always lies within the body except in cases with holes or cavities. When the material that a body is composed of is uniform or homogeneous, the centroid coincides with its center of mass or the center of gravity.
For a homogeneous body with constant density, the centroid can usually be found using equations representing a balance of the moments of the body's volume. If the...
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Free-body Diagram01:28

Free-body Diagram

3.7K
In mechanics, understanding the motion of objects is essential, and one tool that helps solve this problem is the free-body diagram. It is a simple but powerful graphical representation that succinctly represents all the forces acting on an object. A free-body diagram can represent a stationary or moving object, and is used in mechanics to explain the cause of an object's motion.
A free-body diagram transforms a complex problem into a simple representation, making it easy to understand the...
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Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

1.4K
A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
Composite bodies have widespread applications in mechanical engineering, from automobiles to aircraft to rockets. For example, an automobile wheel comprises...
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Whole Body Regeneration01:33

Whole Body Regeneration

4.1K
Regeneration is the process of restoring injured or lost tissues, organs, or body parts. While simpler organisms generally show greater ability to regenerate their whole body, few complex animals show similarly exceptional regeneration. For example, planarian flatworms have a unique regenerative potential making them a popular study organism among biologists to understand the mechanisms of whole body regeneration. Other organisms, such as hydra, also show extreme regeneration potential;...
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Nivolumab plus chemoradiotherapy followed by nivolumab with or without ipilimumab for untreated locally advanced stage III NSCLC: a randomized phase 3 trial.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

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Developments in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy.

Anoop Haridass1

  • 1Clatterbridge Cancer Center, Wirral CH63 4JY, UK. anoopharidass1@nhs.net.

Cancers
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Stereotactic body radiotherapy delivers high-dose radiation to small tumors, achieving excellent local tumor control. Ongoing trials are crucial to assess its role in treating primary and metastatic cancers and its combination with other therapies.

Keywords:
SABRSBRTcanceroligometastasesstereotactic radiotherapy

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) involves precise, high-dose radiation delivery to small targets over few sessions.
  • SBRT achieves high rates of local tumor control due to its high biological effective dose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of SBRT for primary tumors and oligometastatic disease.
  • To define SBRT's utility as an alternative to surgery.
  • To explore future research directions, including combination with systemic therapies and immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective clinical trials are ongoing to gather data on SBRT.
  • Data collection focuses on local control rates, toxicity, and survival outcomes.
  • Research is exploring synergistic effects with systemic treatments and immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • High rates of local control are consistently observed across various tumor sites.
  • Significant toxicity can occur, necessitating careful patient selection and treatment planning.
  • Prospective trials are essential for definitive outcome assessment.

Conclusions:

  • SBRT is an effective treatment for achieving high local tumor control.
  • Further data from longer follow-up and survival analyses are needed to establish its definitive value.
  • Investigating SBRT combinations with systemic therapies and immunotherapy presents promising research avenues.