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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Therapeutic Index01:13

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The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...
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Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

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Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Related Experiment Video

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Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma
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Glaucoma - Next Generation Therapeutics: Impossible to Possible.

Christopher M Adams1, Rebecca Stacy2, Nalini Rangaswamy3

  • 1Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR),, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Next-generation glaucoma therapeutics show promise with novel IOP-lowering drugs and sustained delivery systems. Future treatments may include biologics, gene therapy, and neuroprotection for more permanent glaucoma management.

Keywords:
IOP loweringclinical trialsglaucomaimagingneuroprotectionsustained delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Glaucoma treatment has seen limited innovation in drug approvals over the past two decades.
  • Current treatments primarily involve topical eye drops, posing challenges for patient compliance.
  • There is a significant need for advanced therapeutic strategies to improve glaucoma management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in glaucoma therapeutics.
  • To explore novel drug delivery systems and emerging treatment modalities.
  • To discuss the potential of biologics, gene therapy, and neuroprotection in glaucoma treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of novel intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs and their mechanisms.
  • Examination of sustained drug delivery technologies and their impact on compliance.
  • Exploration of biologics, gene therapy, and neuroprotective strategies for glaucoma.

Main Results:

  • Recent approval of two novel IOP-lowering drugs marks a significant advancement after 20 years.
  • Development of sustained delivery technologies aims to enhance patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes.
  • Biologics, gene therapy, and neuroprotection are emerging as promising avenues for disease modification and permanent therapies.
  • Improvements in imaging and surrogate endpoints are facilitating the clinical translation of neuroprotective agents.

Conclusions:

  • The future of glaucoma therapeutics is robust, with multiple innovative approaches under development.
  • Sustained delivery systems, biologics, gene therapy, and neuroprotection are poised to revolutionize glaucoma management.
  • Enhanced understanding and technological advancements are bringing more effective and potentially permanent therapies closer to clinical reality.