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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Deriving Neural Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Nanotoxicity Testing.

Yiling Hong1, Nymph Chan2, Aynun N Begum2

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA. yhong@westernu.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel method for neuronal differentiation from human stem cells, enabling rapid generation of neurons and astrocytes. This approach facilitates nanoparticle neurotoxicity studies, offering an alternative to animal testing.

Keywords:
Human embryonic stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cells neuronal differentiationNeuronal progenitorsNeurons and astrocyteNeurotoxicitySilver nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into various cell types.
  • Neuronal differentiation of stem cells models neural development and generates diverse neural cells.
  • Stem cell technology offers alternatives to animal testing, reducing costs and advancing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a nonadherent neuronal differentiation methodology.
  • To enable rapid derivation of neurons and astrocytes from human stem cells.
  • To utilize this platform for nanoparticle neurotoxicity assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a nonadherent neuronal differentiation protocol.
  • Utilized human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).
  • Applied the derived neurons and astrocytes for nanoparticle neurotoxicity studies.

Main Results:

  • Successfully derived neurons and astrocytes from hESCs and hiPSCs.
  • The methodology allows for rapid neuronal differentiation.
  • The platform is suitable for nanoparticle neurotoxicity evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • The described method provides a rapid and efficient way to generate neurons and astrocytes from human stem cells.
  • This platform is valuable for studying nanoparticle neurotoxicity.
  • Stem cell-based models are crucial for advancing toxicogenomics and reducing animal studies.