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Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Published on: January 15, 2013

Silicon-nanoparticle-based broadband optical modulators for solid-state lasers.

Xinyang Liu, Kejian Yang, Shengzhi Zhao

|December 15, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) demonstrate significant nonlinear optical properties, observed for the first time in the 1-2 μm bands. These SiNPs function effectively as broadband saturable absorbers in pulsed lasers for infrared applications.

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Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

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Metal-Assisted Electrochemical Nanoimprinting of Porous and Solid Silicon Wafers

Metal-Assisted Electrochemical Nanoimprinting of Porous and Solid Silicon Wafers

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optics and Photonics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Carbon nanomaterials are successful optical nonlinear modulators.
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are counterparts to carbon nanomaterials.
Investigating SiNPs' optical nonlinearity is crucial for new modulator applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the optical nonlinearity of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs).
To observe the nonlinear optical properties of SiNPs in the 1 μm and 2 μm wavelength bands.
To evaluate the practical modulation performance of SiNPs as saturable absorbers (SA) in pulsed lasers.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of SiNPs.
Characterization of SiNPs' surface morphology.
Measurement of linear and nonlinear optical response properties.
Integration of SiNPs as a saturable absorber (SA) in Q-switched lasers (Nd:LuAG and Tm:YAP).

Main Results:

Observed nonlinear optical properties of SiNPs in 1 μm and 2 μm bands for the first time.
SiNPs demonstrated effective saturable absorption.
Q-switched Nd:LuAG laser generated pulses with a shortest duration of 490 ns at ~1 μm.
Q-switched Tm:YAP laser delivered ~2 μm pulses with a shortest duration of 453 ns.

Conclusions:

SiNPs exhibit promising nonlinear optical properties.
SiNPs can be utilized as a broadband saturable absorber (SA).
SiNPs are suitable for near- and mid-infrared spectral regions in pulsed laser applications.