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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

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Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
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Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

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Getting into Shape: Limb Bone Strength in Perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli.

Jesse W Young1, Kathryn Jankord2, Marnie M Saunders3

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, 44272.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Skeletal form differences between primate species, like leaping versus quadrupedal, are present at birth, not just from postnatal loading. This suggests prenatal evolution influences bone development even in altricial neonates.

Keywords:
cross-sectional geometrymaterial propertiesontogenyquadrupedalismvertical clinging and leaping

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative anatomy
  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Primate paleontology

Background:

  • Functional studies of skeletal anatomy assume form follows function, with differences attributed to postnatal loading.
  • Leaping primates exhibit more robust femora than generalized quadrupeds.
  • The extent to which these differences are plastic versus developmentally canalized is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether functional differences in primate femora are present at birth.
  • To determine if skeletal robusticity differences reflect prenatal developmental mechanisms or postnatal plasticity.
  • To compare skeletal maturity between perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of perinatal femora cross-sectional dimensions in Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli.
  • Assessment of hindlimb bone mineralization, material properties, and whole-bone strength in neonates.
  • Utilizing established methods in comparative skeletal anatomy and biomechanics.

Main Results:

  • Perinatal Propithecus coquereli possess less robust femora than perinatal Lemur catta, despite being closely related.
  • Functional differences in long bone dimensions are evident at birth, challenging interpretations based solely on postnatal loading.
  • Hindlimb bone mineralization and material properties show overlap, indicating similar skeletal maturity at birth.

Conclusions:

  • Functional skeletal differences manifest early in development, suggesting prenatal evolutionary influences.
  • Neonatal primates are subject to natural selection, even with prolonged gestation and parental care.
  • Prenatal ontogeny plays a significant role in shaping skeletal form and function in primates.