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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.4K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.4K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.8K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.7K
Nursing Implementation01:15

Nursing Implementation

6.2K
Implementation is the execution of the nursing care plan developed during the planning phase.
The five steps to implementing effective nursing care include reassessing the patient, reviewing and revising the existing nursing care plan, organizing the resources and care delivery, anticipating and preventing complications, and implementing nursing interventions.
6.2K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.9K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
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Implementing a comprehensive translational oncology platform: from molecular testing to actionability.

Zahi I Mitri1, Swapnil Parmar1, Brett Johnson1

  • 1Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Hall, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|December 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A trial established real-time multi-omic analysis of patient tumors, revealing actionable mutations in 88% of samples. This workflow supports precision oncology by enabling biomarker-driven therapeutic interventions.

Keywords:
BiomarkersClinical trialsPrecision oncologyTargeted therapyTranslational research

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Area of Science:

  • Translational Oncology
  • Genomic Medicine
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Implementing real-time multi-omic analysis for precision-guided therapy requires robust workflows.
  • A tissue acquisition and analysis trial was conducted to establish these processes.
  • The study aimed to determine the frequency of precision-guided therapy based on mutational testing and patient outcomes.

Observation:

  • 38 patients with advanced cancers were enrolled; 28 underwent biopsy, yielding 25 analyzable tumor samples.
  • No procedure-related complications were observed.
  • High tumor cellularity (median 70%) and sufficient cores (median 5) were obtained.

Findings:

  • 88% (22/25) of tumor samples had at least one actionable mutation; 72% (18/25) had two or more.
  • Common alterations included DNA damage repair, cell cycle, PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR, and FGF pathway genes.
  • CLIA-certified genomic results informed precision-guided therapy in 23% (5/25) of patients.

Implications:

  • The study demonstrates the feasibility of real-time tissue acquisition and multi-omic analysis for a translational oncology platform.
  • This workflow is foundational for improving access and enrollment in biomarker-driven precision oncology trials.
  • Establishing efficient genomic analysis pipelines is crucial for advancing personalized cancer treatment.