Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

124.1K
The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
124.1K
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

5.2K
Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
5.2K
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

9.2K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
9.2K
Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

48.2K
Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...
48.2K
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

32.7K
Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
32.7K
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

16.3K
To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
16.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of pimobendan on mitral annular dynamics and mitral regurgitation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease as determined by cardiac computed tomography.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine·2026
Same author

Clinical feasibility study of transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair in dogs with the canine V-Clamp device.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2024
Same author

Investigation of red blood cell and platelet indices in adult dogs suffered from myxomatous mitral valve disease with and without pulmonary hypertension.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2023
Same author

Assessment of microcirculation variables and endothelial glycocalyx using sidestream dark field videomicroscopy in anesthetized dogs undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2023
Same author

Surgical repair for canine tricuspid valve dysplasia: Technique and case report.

Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology·2020
Same author

Inflow Venous Occlusion for Intracardiac Resection of an Occluding Right Ventricular Tumor.

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association·2016

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration
07:44

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Published on: March 18, 2016

8.7K

Epicardial pacemaker implantation in small animals.

E Christopher Orton1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology : the Official Journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology
|December 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Epicardial pacemaker implantation offers a safer alternative to endocardial pacing in small animals, avoiding blood contact and serious complications. A minimally invasive minithoracotomy approach provides direct cardiac access for electrode placement.

Keywords:
Cardiac pacingCatDog

More Related Videos

Animal Model of Implant-Associated Infections in Mice
07:02

Animal Model of Implant-Associated Infections in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2025

917
In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart
06:31

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

Published on: April 27, 2016

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration
07:44

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Published on: March 18, 2016

8.7K
Animal Model of Implant-Associated Infections in Mice
07:02

Animal Model of Implant-Associated Infections in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2025

917
In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart
06:31

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

Published on: April 27, 2016

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Surgery
  • Cardiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Endocardial pacemaker implantation carries risks of thrombotic and infectious complications.
  • Epicardial pacing provides an alternative by avoiding direct contact with intracardiac structures and blood.
  • Minimally invasive techniques are increasingly preferred in small animal surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on epicardial pacemaker implantation.
  • To describe a minimally invasive surgical approach for epicardial pacemaker implantation in small animals.
  • To highlight the advantages of epicardial pacing in specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current practices in epicardial pacemaker implantation.
  • Description of a minimally invasive minithoracotomy approach for epicardial electrode placement.
  • Discussion of transdiaphragmatic and minithoracotomy techniques for lone epicardial pacing.

Main Results:

  • Epicardial pacing avoids contact with blood and intracardiac structures, mitigating risks associated with endocardial methods.
  • Minimally invasive minithoracotomy offers less invasiveness and superior access to the epicardial surface.
  • Epicardial pacing is suitable for small animals, those with infections, thrombotic risks, or undergoing concurrent surgeries.

Conclusions:

  • Minimally invasive epicardial pacemaker implantation is a safe and effective alternative in small animals.
  • The minithoracotomy approach enhances surgical precision and patient safety.
  • Epicardial pacing is a valuable option for specific small animal patient profiles, improving outcomes and reducing complications.