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Related Concept Videos

Speed of Sound in Gases01:08

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The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
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The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The speed of the waves on the strings and the wavelength determine the frequency of the sound produced. The strings on a guitar have different thicknesses but may be made of similar material. They have different linear densities, and the linear density is defined as the mass per length.
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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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An interesting force in everyday life is the force of drag on an object when it is moving in a fluid. Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an object. Unlike simple friction, the drag force is proportional to some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This functionality is complicated and depends upon the shape of the object, its size, its velocity, and the fluid it is in. For most large objects, such as cyclists, cars, and baseballs, that are not moving too...
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
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High Speed Pneumatic Stepper Motor for MRI Applications.

Brian Lawrence Boland1, Sheng Xu2, Bradford Wood2

  • 1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|December 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel plastic pneumatic stepper motor, free of metal and electricity, offers precise actuation for medical instruments within MRI environments. This MRI-compatible motor achieves high speeds and torque, enabling advanced image-guided interventions.

Keywords:
Actuation systemDriverImage guided therapyMR imagingMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Medical roboticsNonmagnetic devices

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Engineering
  • Biomedical Devices
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems are increasingly used for medical diagnostics and interventions.
  • Real-time MR image guidance offers significant benefits for surgical procedures.
  • There is a critical need for MRI-compatible actuation devices for surgical instruments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a plastic, four-cylinder piston pneumatic motor for driving medical instruments in MRI systems.
  • To develop an MRI-compliant actuation mechanism for use in real-time MR image-guided interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A metal-free, plastic pneumatic stepper motor was designed and constructed.
  • The motor utilizes sequential air pressure application via pneumatic valves for stepwise motion control.
  • A gearbox was integrated to enhance output torque.
  • Performance was assessed by measuring output torque and rotational velocity under varying air pressures and load conditions.

Main Results:

  • The pneumatic stepper motor achieved rotational speeds of approximately 2000 rpm.
  • Maximum output torques reached approximately 19 N·mm.
  • The motor demonstrated effective stepwise motion control suitable for precise movements.
  • The design is metal-free and does not rely on electricity, ensuring MRI compatibility.

Conclusions:

  • The developed plastic pneumatic stepper motor is suitable for actuating devices within MR environments.
  • This MRI-compatible motor design does not interfere with image quality.
  • The motor's precise, controlled movements are ideal for MRI-guided surgical interventions.