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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Conserved Binding Sites01:49

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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
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Primate neocortex development and evolution: Conserved versus evolved folding.

Takashi Namba1, Samir Vaid1, Wieland B Huttner1

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
|December 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primate neocortex folding occurs in two distinct stages: conserved folding at boundaries and evolved folding within the dorsal isocortex. This two-step process guides neocortical development and evolution.

Keywords:
RRID:SCR_002285RRID:SCR_002798RRID:SCR_010279RRID:SCR_014199RRID:SCR_016137RRID:SCR_016753evolutiongyrificationneocortexprimate

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The neocortex, responsible for higher cognitive functions, displays significant variations in folding patterns across mammalian species.
  • Two main subtypes of cortical areas exist: the isocortex and the proisocortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the spatiotemporal aspects of folding between the proisocortex and isocortex in 13 primate species.
  • To investigate the developmental and evolutionary dynamics of neocortical folding.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of neocortical folding patterns across 13 primate species.
  • Examination of fetal neocortex development in long-tailed macaques and humans.
  • Analysis of infant human neocortex with lissencephaly.

Main Results:

  • Identified 'conserved folding' at the boundaries of the dorsal isocortex and proisocortex (cingulate sulcus and lateral fissure), which is consistent across primates.
  • Observed significant variation in 'evolved folding' within the dorsal isocortex, indicating evolutionary changes.
  • Found that conserved folding begins before evolved folding during fetal development.
  • Noted that evolved folding is more affected in lissencephalic human infants than conserved folding.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed a two-step model for primate neocortex development and evolution, involving distinct sequential events of conserved and evolved folding.
  • The findings suggest that conserved and evolved folding are separate, sequential processes crucial for neocortical organization.