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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

38.1K
The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
38.1K
Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

40.6K
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

31.1K
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
31.1K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.3K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.3K
Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

2.0K
The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
2.0K
Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

4.6K
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation
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Spatial-Temporal Cellular Bioeffects from Acoustic Droplet Vaporization.

Ching-Hsiang Fan1, Yi-Ting Lin1, Yi-Ju Ho1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Theranostics
|December 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) uses ultrasound to induce cell death and membrane permeabilization. This study maps ADV bioeffects to droplet dynamics, revealing physical forces that enhance chemotherapy and cell death for medical applications.

Keywords:
acoustic droplet vaporizationacoustic dropletscellular bioeffectshigh-speed microscopyultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Acoustic droplet vaporization
  • Cellular bioeffects

Background:

  • Developing acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) therapy requires precise determination of spatial cellular bioeffects.
  • Understanding cell death and membrane permeabilization post-ADV is crucial for safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To combine high-speed imaging and live-cell microscopy to observe ADV dynamics.
  • To evaluate the mechanical forces exerted on cells during ADV.
  • To map the spatial distribution of ADV-induced cellular bioeffects.

Main Methods:

  • C6 glioma cells were co-incubated with DiI-labeled droplets of varying radii (1.5, 2.25, 3.0 μm).
  • An acousto-optical system was used for high-speed bright-field (500 kfps) and fluorescence (40 kfps) imaging under ultrasound excitation (5 MHz, 5-8 MPa).
  • Live-cell imaging monitored cell morphology, membrane permeabilization (using Lyn-yellow, PI staining), and viability (calcein blue AM staining).

Main Results:

  • ADV-induced bioeffects spatially correlated with droplet vaporization dynamics.
  • For 1.5 μm droplets, cell death distance (5.5±1.9 μm) correlated with bubble pressing distance (5.7±1.3 μm).
  • Reversible membrane permeabilization distance (11.3±3.5 μm) correlated with maximum droplet expansion (11.5±2.6 μm).
  • Larger droplets and higher acoustic pressures increased these distances.
  • ADV bubbles directly disrupted cell membranes, causing substance leakage and payload shedding.
  • ADV induced adjacent cell death via physical force and enhanced chemotherapy efficacy in distant cells.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides insights into ADV-mediated physicochemical synergistic effects.
  • ADV can directly induce cell death through physical disruption and payload delivery.
  • Findings advance the understanding of ADV for potential medical applications.