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Ambulances under siege in Syria.

C Hayes Wong1, Christine Yen-Ting Chen2

  • 1Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.

BMJ Global Health
|December 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Syrian ambulances face repeated attacks, with hundreds damaged or destroyed from 2016-2017. These attacks, often by the Syrian regime and Russian forces, hinder vital medical aid delivery.

Keywords:
ambulanceattackshealthmedical transportsyriaviolence

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Area of Science:

  • Medical and Health Humanities
  • Conflict Studies
  • Humanitarian Law

Background:

  • Healthcare infrastructure in Syria is under severe threat, evidenced by frequent air strikes on medical facilities and personnel.
  • Ambulances specifically have been subjected to bombing, shooting, theft, looting, and obstruction, severely compromising their ability to provide emergency medical services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze attacks against ambulances in Syria between 2011 and 2018.
  • To conduct a descriptive secondary data analysis of individual ambulance attacks reported between January 2016 and December 2017.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, ProQuest, and Embase databases.
  • Grey literature from Syrian health response and human rights monitoring groups was also included.
  • Secondary data analysis of reported attacks from the Syrian Network for Human Rights was performed.

Main Results:

  • Between 2016 and 2017, 204 attacks involved 243 ambulances, with 49% heavily damaged or rendered inoperable.
  • The Syrian regime (60%) and Russian armed forces (29%) were the primary perpetrators.
  • Direct targeting of ambulances occurred in 52% of cases, with themes including 'double-tap' attacks and obstruction of care.

Conclusions:

  • Attacks on ambulances in Syria are intentional, part of a war strategy, and repeatedly carried out.
  • Challenges in monitoring and systematically tracking these attacks contribute to them being understudied and under-reported.