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Conformity

Conformity

Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.

Conformations of Butane

Conformations of Butane

Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3 hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Tools for Surface Treatment of Silicon Planar Intracortical Microelectrodes

Tools for Surface Treatment of Silicon Planar Intracortical Microelectrodes

Published on: June 8, 2022

Conformal Antireflective Surface Formed onto 3-D Silicon Structure.

Yousuf D Almoallem¹, Mohammad J Moghimi¹, Hongrui Jiang¹

¹Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.

Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems : a Joint IEEE and ASME Publication on Microstructures, Microactuators, Microsensors, and Microsystems

|December 19, 2018

Summary

Researchers created antireflective black-silicon (BSi) nanowires on 3D silicon structures. This novel BSi coating significantly reduces glare, improving optical performance in devices.

Keywords:

3-dimensional Conformal antireflection black silicon nanowires

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Tools for Surface Treatment of Silicon Planar Intracortical Microelectrodes

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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

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Published on: November 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Optics

Background:

Silicon nanostructures are crucial for advanced optical applications.
Achieving conformal coatings on complex 3D geometries remains a challenge.
Antireflective surfaces are essential for minimizing light loss and improving device efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate and characterize conformal antireflective black-silicon (BSi) nanowires on 3D silicon structures.
To simulate the optical performance of the BSi nanostructures using FDTD Lumerical.
To demonstrate the anti-reflectivity capabilities of the BSi coating on a fabricated optical iris.

Main Methods:

Metal-assisted chemical (MAC) etching was used to form BSi nanostructures on various facets of 3D silicon.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Lumerical software was employed for simulation.
Optical characterization involved analyzing diffraction patterns and measuring glare reduction at visible wavelengths (532 and 633 nm).

Main Results:

Conformal BSi nanowires were successfully fabricated on sharp tips and sidewalls of 3D silicon structures.
Simulations confirmed the design's antireflective properties.
Fabricated optical iris with BSi nanowires showed a significant reduction in glare, up to 3x smaller than uncoated samples.

Conclusions:

Conformal BSi nanowires offer an effective solution for antireflection on complex 3D silicon surfaces.
The MAC etching process is suitable for creating these nanostructures.
The demonstrated anti-reflectivity has implications for improving optical devices and reducing optical losses.