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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
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Concussion Subtype Identification With the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire.

Jun Maruta1,2,3, Angela Lumba-Brown4, Jamshid Ghajar1,2

  • 1Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
|December 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Early concussion symptom classification using the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) aids in predicting patient outcomes. Identifying symptom clusters within two weeks can guide tailored concussion treatments for athletes.

Keywords:
cognitiveepidemiologyfatiguemigrainemild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)sleepvestibular

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Concussion classification into subtypes based on early symptoms is emerging for predicting clinical trajectories.
  • The Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) is a widely used tool for assessing post-concussion symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of symptom classes associated with concussion phenotypes in athletes using the RPQ.
  • To assess symptom patterns acutely after concussion in athletes aged 12-30 years.

Main Methods:

  • Baseline assessment of 3,088 athletes using a modified RPQ.
  • Re-assessment of 89 concussed athletes within two weeks post-injury.
  • Binomial testing to compare symptom prevalence in concussed versus baseline athletes.

Main Results:

  • All concussed athletes reported elevated RPQ symptoms, significantly more than baseline athletes.
  • Moderate-to-severe symptoms often appeared in specific classes with few overlapping symptoms.
  • Symptom patterns emerged within two weeks post-concussion.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated RPQ symptoms within two weeks can help delineate concussion subtypes.
  • This approach may guide targeted treatment strategies for concussed athletes.
  • Further refinement of questionnaires and objective measures are needed for robust classification.