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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
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Cell Potential and Free Energy02:58

Cell Potential and Free Energy

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Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction PPI Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
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Potential risks associated with long-term PPI use.

Takeshi Kamiya

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |December 19, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may lead to adverse effects like hypergastrinemia, gastric cancer, and vitamin B12 malabsorption. This review details these risks based on international guidelines and meta-analyses.

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders.
    • Long-term use of PPIs has been associated with various potential adverse effects.
    • Understanding these risks is crucial for patient safety and appropriate clinical management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively review and explain the adverse effects linked to long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy.
    • To provide an evidence-based overview of potential risks, including hypergastrinemia, carcinoid formation, gastric cancer, bacterial overgrowth, Clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia, bone fracture, and malabsorption of vitamin B12 and iron.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of previously published meta-analyses and guidelines.
    • Analysis based on GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) guidelines from Japan and the US.

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  • Synthesis of evidence regarding specific adverse events associated with long-term PPI use.

    • Main Results:

    • Long-term PPI therapy is associated with hypergastrinemia, potentially leading to carcinoid tumors.
    • Increased risk of gastric cancer, bacterial overgrowth, and Clostridium difficile infections observed.
    • Evidence suggests links to bone fractures and malabsorption of essential nutrients like vitamin B12 and iron.

    Conclusions:

    • Long-term PPI use necessitates careful consideration of potential adverse effects.
    • Clinicians should weigh the benefits against the risks, especially in patients requiring extended therapy.
    • Further research and monitoring are warranted to fully elucidate and mitigate PPI-associated risks.