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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum

Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum

Published on: June 19, 2014

Exoribonuclease-Resistant RNAs Exist within both Coding and Noncoding Subgenomic RNAs.

Anna-Lena Steckelberg¹, Quentin Vicens², Jeffrey S Kieft²

¹Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and RNA BioScience Initiative, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

|December 20, 2018

Summary

Exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) are crucial for viral infection, enabling the production of both coding and noncoding subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). This study reveals xrRNAs are widespread in plant viruses, suggesting a general strategy for RNA maturation.

Keywords:

Infernal RNA structure exoribonuclease resistance plant viruses viral RNA

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Published on: June 19, 2014

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Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
RNA Biology

Background:

Viruses utilize subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) for infection, with a recently identified pathway involving exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs).
xrRNAs are structured RNA elements that prevent RNA degradation and were previously found mainly in animal viruses and limited plant viruses, primarily in 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence and function of xrRNA elements in diverse viral families.
To determine the structural conservation and functional diversity of xrRNAs in RNA virus replication.

Main Methods:

Computational analysis of viral RNA sequences.
Biochemical assays to validate RNA structure and function.

Main Results:

Discovered xrRNA elements in two major families of plant-infecting RNA viruses, indicating widespread presence.
Confirmed the conserved ring-like fold of xrRNAs across different viral contexts.
Identified xrRNAs in intergenic regions and associated with the 5' ends of protein-coding sgRNAs, expanding their known locations and roles.

Conclusions:

xrRNA elements are more prevalent and versatile in RNA viruses than previously understood.
These elements are involved in producing both coding and noncoding sgRNAs, suggesting a broader role in RNA maturation and gene expression regulation.
The findings propose xrRNAs as a general mechanism for RNA maintenance and processing across diverse viral systems.