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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

4.6K
When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

662
When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute otitis externa.

Maria J Duarte1,2, Elliott D Kozin1,2, Paulo J M Bispo3,4,5

  • 1Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|December 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasingly found in ear infections. This study found MRSA in 28.3% of Staphylococcus aureus ear infections, higher than historical rates.

Keywords:
Acute otitis externaMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSAStaphylococcus aureus

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Otologic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections were historically rare.
  • Rising community-acquired MRSA rates necessitate re-evaluation of its prevalence in ear infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of MRSA in recent otologic cultures from patients with acute otitis externa (AOE).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of an institutional microbiologic database from January 2014 to April 2016.
  • Analysis of 173 patients diagnosed with AOE and undergoing ear cultures.
  • Identification of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity via culture isolation and MIC testing; medical record review for patient characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was present in 30.6% of AOE cultures.
  • MRSA accounted for 28.3% of SA infections.
  • MRSA patients were older, had more comorbidities, and higher rates of prior topical antibiotic exposure compared to MSSA patients.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary ear culture isolates show higher MRSA rates than historical data.
  • Clinicians should consider ear cultures for MRSA in acute otitis externa (AOE) cases.