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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Introduction to Urinary System

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...

Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70 chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

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An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

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Precursor lesions of the urinary bladder.

Jesse K McKenney¹

¹Robert J. Tomsich Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

|December 20, 2018

Summary

This review details urinary tract neoplastic precursor lesions, focusing on the 2016 WHO classification. It covers urothelial, squamous, and glandular lesions, aiding in diagnosis and understanding clinical outcomes.

Keywords:

squamous dysplasia urothelial carcinoma in situ urothelial dysplasia urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential villous adenoma

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Area of Science:

Uropathology and Oncology
Histopathology and Molecular Pathology

Background:

Urinary tract neoplastic precursor lesions classification has evolved gradually with clinicopathological data.
The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification is the most recent codification, integrating clinical outcomes and diagnostic utility.

Purpose of the Study:

To review precursor lesions of urothelial, squamous, and glandular lineages in the urinary tract.
To provide a concise, practical, and up-to-date overview of these complex lesions for routine diagnosis.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature and the 2016 WHO classification.
Detailed discussion of morphology, differential diagnoses, immunohistochemistry, and molecular correlates for each lesion category.

Main Results:

Covers flat lesions with atypia and difficult-to-classify urothelial proliferations.
Addresses squamous metaplasia, non-invasive squamous proliferations, and squamous dysplasia.
Reviews rare glandular precursors including intestinal metaplasia, glandular dysplasia, and villous adenoma.

Conclusions:

Provides a comprehensive overview of urinary tract neoplastic precursor lesions.
Emphasizes the importance of morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular data for accurate classification and diagnosis.