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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Establishing a New Fluorescence-Based Protocol for In Vivo Mitochondrial Morphology Analysis in Parkinson's Disease
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Secondary parkinsonism.

Hiroo Terashi, Takeshi Taguchi, Hitoshi Aizawa

    Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
    |December 20, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Secondary parkinsonism, including drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP), vascular parkinsonism (VP), and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), has varied mechanisms. Early diagnosis and treatment of DIP and iNPH are crucial for managing parkinsonism symptoms.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Neuroscience
    • Movement Disorders

    Background:

    • Secondary parkinsonism encompasses diverse disorders with incompletely understood mechanisms.
    • Key forms include drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP), vascular parkinsonism (VP), and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the pathophysiology and symptoms of significant secondary parkinsonism types.
    • To emphasize the clinical relevance and diagnostic challenges of DIP, VP, and iNPH.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review focusing on pathophysiology and clinical presentation.
    • Comparative analysis of DIP, VP, and iNPH.

    Main Results:

    • Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is frequent but often overlooked due to physician unawareness of causative drugs.

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  • Vascular parkinsonism (VP) and iNPH share "lower body parkinsonism" and gait disturbances.
  • Both DIP and iNPH are treatable conditions.

    • Conclusions:

    • Understanding the varied mechanisms of secondary parkinsonism is essential.
    • Early identification and intervention for DIP and iNPH can significantly improve patient outcomes.
    • Increased physician awareness of drug-induced parkinsonism is critical for timely diagnosis.