Detection and management of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease (PD), sleep disturbances are major non-motor symptoms, interfering patients' quality of life. Multifactorial factors such as, PD-related pathology, motor/nonmotor symptoms and medications, influence sleep problems in PD. Patients with PD may complain of difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep, daytime sleepiness, nocturia, nocturnal abnormal movement and vocalization, nocturnal pain, akinesia and leg restlessness. When nocturnal symptoms are related to wearing off phenomenon, adding dopaminergic drugs at bedtime is effective. In this section, we address these PD-related nocturnal problems including rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea syndrome.