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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
Published on: January 25, 2016
A hemodynamic network involving the insula, the cingulate, and the basal forebrain correlates with EEG
Vasileios Kokkinos1,2,3, Serge Vulliémoz4,5,6, Andreas M Koupparis3,7
1Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
Abstract:
The cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) encompasses the pseudoperiodic appearance of synchronized brain waves and rhythms and is considered a regulator of the nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep vigilance level, reflecting sleep instability. To determine the brain regions responsible for this phenomenon, we scored and analyzed sleep functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG-fMRI). Group analysis revealed a set of brain areas showing statistically significant blood oxygen-level dependent signal correlated positively with the synchronization phase of the CAP, most prominent being the insula, the middle cingulate gyrus, and the basal forebrain. These areas may form a network acting as a synchronization pacemaker, controlling the level of NREM sleep vigilance and the sleeper's arousability.
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