Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Pancreatic Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Printing 3D Cell-Laden Pancreatic Tissue Constructs
Published on: December 13, 2019
Recent advances in IgG4-related disease, autoimmune pancreatitis and sclerosing cholangitis
Recently, a novel concept of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), which shows increased serum IgG4/IgE levels, abundant infiltration of IgG4+plasmacytes and lymphocytes, fibrosis, and steroid responsiveness, has been worldwide accepted. The international consensus diagnostic criteria suggested the existence of two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) : type 1 related with IgG4, and type 2 related with a granulocytic epithelial lesion. Before the IgG4-era, most of IgG4-SC cases were misdiagnosed as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Now, type 1 AIP and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are defined as pancreatic and biliary manifestations of IgG4-RD, individually. Inflammatory bowel disease is often associated with type 2 AIP and PSC, but not Iwith type 1 or IgG4-SC. Steroid treatment is effective for IgG4-RD, but the long-term outcome still remains unclear.
Recently, a novel concept of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), which shows increased serum IgG4/IgE levels, abundant infiltration of IgG4+plasmacytes and lymphocytes, fibrosis, and steroid responsiveness, has been worldwide accepted. The international consensus diagnostic criteria suggested the existence of two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) : type 1 related with IgG4, and type 2 related with a granulocytic epithelial lesion. Before the IgG4-era, most of IgG4-SC cases were misdiagnosed as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Now, type 1 AIP and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are defined as pancreatic and biliary manifestations of IgG4-RD, individually. Inflammatory bowel disease is often associated with type 2 AIP and PSC, but not Iwith type 1 or IgG4-SC. Steroid treatment is effective for IgG4-RD, but the long-term outcome still remains unclear.
Related Concept Videos
Autoimmune Disorders
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods
Pancreatic Juice and Secretion
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...
Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

