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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Compact Bone01:27

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis
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Make (No) Bones about Butyrate.

Christina Begka1, Benjamin J Marsland1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.

Immunity
|December 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbe metabolite butyrate enhances bone formation by regulating T-cell interactions and Wnt signaling in young mice. This study highlights a link between gut health and skeletal development.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T cells play crucial roles in immune homeostasis.
  • Gut microbiota metabolites can influence host physiology.
  • Wnt signaling is critical for bone development and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the microbial metabolite butyrate in T-cell function and bone formation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which butyrate affects the interplay between regulatory T cells and CD8+ T cells.
  • To determine the impact of butyrate on Wnt signaling and bone development.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo studies in young mice.
  • Analysis of T-cell populations and function.
  • Measurement of Wnt signaling pathway activation.

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  • Assessment of bone formation parameters.

    • Main Results:

    • Butyrate was found to orchestrate the interplay between regulatory T cells and CD8+ T cells.
    • Butyrate treatment increased Wnt signaling.
    • Butyrate promoted bone formation in young mice.

    Conclusions:

    • The microbial metabolite butyrate plays a significant role in regulating immune cell interactions.
    • Butyrate enhances bone formation through Wnt signaling modulation.
    • This study reveals a novel connection between gut microbiota and skeletal health.