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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

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In Ovo Xenografting of Patient-Derived Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Cells (PDX-ALL)

In Ovo Xenografting of Patient-Derived Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Cells (PDX-ALL)

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Subglottic acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Shilpa Ojha¹, Julian Gaskin², Michael Saunders³

¹Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK.

BMJ Case Reports

|December 21, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of childhood leukaemia presented as a subglottic mass, mimicking recurrent croup. Early endoscopy is crucial for diagnosing this unusual extramedullary leukaemia presentation in children.

Keywords:

malignant and benign haematology otolaryngology / ENT paediatric oncology

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Oncology
Otolaryngology
Hematology

Background:

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a common childhood cancer.
Airway obstruction is a rare but serious presentation of ALL.
Recurrent croup is a common pediatric ENT diagnosis.

Observation:

A 1-year-old boy presented with a history of recurrent croup.
Endoscopic examination revealed a subglottic mass.
The mass was diagnosed as localised acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Findings:

This is the first reported case of localised ALL presenting as a subglottic mass in a pediatric patient.
The presentation mimicked croup, delaying definitive diagnosis.
Extramedullary leukaemia can manifest as a localized mass.

Implications:

Broaden the differential diagnosis for 'recurrent croup' in children.
Consider extramedullary leukaemia in children with persistent airway symptoms.
Maintain a low threshold for endoscopic evaluation in suspected cases.