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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography
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Choroidal melanoma masquerading as orbital cellulitis.

Pallavi Singh1, Sagnik Sen1, Mousumi Banerjee1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

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Necrotic choroidal melanoma can rarely present as orbital cellulitis in adults. Early detection and high suspicion are crucial for diagnosing ocular tumors manifesting as orbital inflammation.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Orbital cellulitis is a common orbital inflammatory condition.
  • Intraocular melanoma is a rare but serious ocular tumor.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with orbital cellulitis, initially mimicking an infectious process.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) identified an intraocular mass suggestive of melanoma without extrascleral extension.
  • Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) ruled out distant metastasis.

Findings:

  • Histopathological analysis confirmed intraocular necrotic melanoma.
  • Necrotic melanoma subtypes are often linked to poorer prognoses and increased metastasis risk.
  • This case highlights a rare presentation of ocular tumors.

Implications:

  • Orbital cellulitis in adults warrants a high index of suspicion for underlying ocular tumors.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management of intraocular melanoma are critical.
  • This case expands the differential diagnosis of orbital cellulitis.