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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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On-line solvent exchange system: Automation from extraction to analysis.

Elisenda Fornells1, Emily F Hilder2, Robert A Shellie3

  • 1ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), Australia; ACROSS (Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|December 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automated on-line evaporation system for reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The novel microfluidic device efficiently removes organic solvents, enhancing sensitivity and reducing analysis time for complex samples.

Keywords:
Liquid-liquid extractionSample reconstitutionSample solvent effectSolvent exchangeSolvent incompatibility

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Organic solvent removal is crucial for reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to maintain performance and increase sensitivity.
  • Traditional solvent removal methods can be time-consuming and may not be easily integrated into automated workflows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize an automated on-line extraction evaporation procedure integrated with HPLC analysis.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability for efficient organic solvent removal and sample reconstitution.
  • To apply the integrated system to the analysis of chloramphenicol in milk samples.

Main Methods:

  • An automated on-line extraction evaporation system utilizing a microfluidic channel with a vapor-permeable membrane was designed.
  • A feedback control algorithm was implemented to maintain a constant output flow rate during evaporation.
  • The system's performance was characterized using water/solvent mixtures and applied to real-world sample analysis.

Main Results:

  • The system demonstrated effective removal of methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile from samples containing up to 80% organic solvent.
  • An evaporative injection procedure was successfully developed, integrating extract reconstitution with HPLC analysis.
  • Analysis of chloramphenicol in milk samples was completed in under 10 minutes, with simultaneous processing in a routine workflow.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated on-line evaporation system significantly improves HPLC analysis by enabling efficient solvent removal and enhancing sensitivity.
  • This automated approach streamlines sample preparation, reduces analysis time, and minimizes impact on overall workflow efficiency.
  • The developed system offers a robust solution for integrated sample reconstitution and analysis in various analytical applications.