Gravitational field flow fractionation: Enhancing the resolution power by using an acoustic force field

An acoustic field flow fractionation (FFF) device was developed to fractionate a micro-particle mixture on the basis of the particle diameter using an acoustic force field in a carrier liquid flow. In the acoustic FFF channel used in the device, ultrasound waves generated from piezoelectric transducers driven by a sinusoidal signal of 2.02 Mhz propagated into the carrier liquid flow and built up a quarter-wavelength ultrasound standing wave field across the channel height. It was experimentally demonstrated that the acoustic field with a pressure node plane at the bottom surface of the channel reduced the thickness of the particle diffusion layer in a stagnant liquid proportional to the applied voltage driving the piezoelectric transducer. In the size-dependent particle separation, the particle mixture flowing through the acoustic FFF channel experienced an acoustic radiation force in the gravitational direction. As a result, suppressing the diffusion of small particles, particles were transported along the bottom surface of the channel with the local velocity of the carrier liquid at the particle center. The developed acoustic FFF device successfully fractionated a fluorescent micro-particle mixture (1, 3, 5, and 10 μm diameter), whereas the 3 and 5 μm particles were not fractionated in the FFF device using only the gravitational force field due to the diffusion of 3 μm particles.