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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Isolating and Imaging Live, Intact Pacemaker Regions of Mouse Renal Pelvis by Vibratome Sectioning
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A Miniaturized, Programmable Pacemaker for Long-Term Studies in the Mouse.

Maarten Hulsmans1, Aaron D Aguirre1,2, Matthew D Bonner3

  • 1From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.

Circulation Research
|December 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel, implantable pacemaker for mice, enabling long-term cardiac pacing studies. This breakthrough allows detailed investigation into arrhythmia and heart failure mechanisms in mouse models.

Keywords:
artificial pacemakeratrial fibrillationatrioventricular blockcardiac arrhythmiaheart failureinflammationmice

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Animal Models in Research

Background:

  • Cardiac pacing is crucial for treating arrhythmia and heart failure.
  • Investigating pacing's impact on myocardial function is vital.
  • Existing mouse models lack reliable long-term pacing technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a device for long-term cardiac pacing studies in mice.
  • To evaluate the device in models of atrioventricular block, pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, and high-rate atrial pacing.

Main Methods:

  • A miniaturized, wirelessly programmable pacemaker was created by refashioning a clinical device.
  • The pacemaker featured a flexible lead and custom software for rates up to 1200 bpm.
  • Implantation involved subcutaneous placement with epicardial lead attachment; chronic pacing was performed in mice.

Main Results:

  • Mice tolerated long-term atrial and ventricular pacing.
  • Ventricular pacing significantly increased heart rate in mice with atrioventricular block.
  • Four weeks of ventricular pacing induced cardiomyopathy, characterized by reduced ventricular function and increased fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • A fully implantable, programmable pacemaker enables unprecedented long-term pacing investigations in mice.
  • This technology advances research into arrhythmia and heart failure mechanisms.
  • The device facilitates studies previously impossible in mouse models.