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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces
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Titanium surfaces characteristics modulate macrophage polarization.

Yang Zhang1, Xian Cheng1, John A Jansen1

  • 1Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Surface properties of metallic implants influence macrophage behavior, crucial for bone healing. Specific titanium roughness promotes M2 macrophages, while hydroxyapatite coatings create a hybrid M1/M2 phenotype, guiding implant success.

Keywords:
Hydroxyapatite coatingM1/M2 macrophagesMaterial-activated phenotypeMetallic implantsRoughness

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Monocytes/macrophages are critical in the initial response to metallic implants, influencing bone healing via M1/M2 polarization.
  • Understanding how implant surface characteristics affect macrophage phenotype is essential for optimizing implant osseointegration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of surface roughness and hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on titanium disks on human macrophage (THP-1 derived) adhesion and polarization.
  • To determine how specific physicochemical surface parameters modulate macrophage phenotype towards M1 or M2 states.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and characterization of titanium disks with varying submicron to micron surface roughness, with and without HA coating.
  • Culture of THP-1 derived macrophages on modified titanium surfaces and control glass slides.
  • Assessment of macrophage adhesion, cytokine secretion, gene expression, and surface marker expression.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating significantly influenced macrophage adhesion, more so than surface roughness.
  • A specific range of titanium roughness (Ra: 0.51-1.36 µm; Sa: 0.66-2.91 µm) promoted M2 macrophage polarization, indicated by altered cytokine profiles and gene expression.
  • HA coating induced a hybrid macrophage phenotype exhibiting characteristics of both M1 and M2 states.

Conclusions:

  • Physicochemical surface properties of metallic implants can actively direct macrophage polarization, a phenomenon termed material-activated macrophage polarization.
  • Tailoring surface roughness and chemistry, such as HA coating, offers a promising strategy to modulate macrophage responses for enhanced dental and orthopedic implant success.