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Related Concept Videos

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Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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The drug distribution process within the human body is a complex interplay of various physicochemical properties inherent to the drugs. These properties, including molecular size, ionization degree, partition coefficient, and stereochemical nature, significantly impact how drugs permeate biological membranes to reach their target tissues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Production of Nanofibrillar Patterned Collagen for Tissue Engineering
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Oxygen-distribution within 3-D collagen I hydrogels for bone tissue engineering.

Paul Wolff1, Laura Heimann1, Gregor Liebsch2

  • 1Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study monitored oxygen levels in 3-D cell-loaded collagen gels, finding that physiological oxygen levels are reached within five weeks. This research offers insights into oxygen dynamics crucial for tissue engineering scaffolds.

Keywords:
3-D gel constructBone tissue engineeringCollagen IIn vitro oxygenation levelMesenchymal stem cells

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Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tissue engineering requires scaffolds providing adequate 3D environments for cell growth.
  • Oxygen and nutrient supply are critical challenges in both in vitro and in vivo tissue engineering.
  • Understanding oxygen distribution is vital for optimizing cell viability and function within engineered tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze dissolved oxygen levels within 3-D cell-loaded collagen I gels in vitro.
  • To investigate the dynamic changes in oxygen concentration over 70 days using advanced optical sensing techniques.
  • To correlate oxygen levels with cell proliferation and apoptosis markers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optical fiber-based micro sensors and camera-supported non-invasive optical sensor foils for in situ oxygen analysis.
  • Cultured human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) in collagen I gels under normoxic conditions.
  • Monitored oxygen concentration (cO2) and analyzed gene expression (BCL2, CASP3, MCM5) over 70 days.

Main Results:

  • In vitro oxygen concentration reached physiological ranges (7-9%) between 21 and 35 days, depending on cell density.
  • Minimal oxygen levels (4.8 ± 1.3%) were observed at 35 days, followed by a plateau around 8-9%.
  • Significant differences in BCL2, CASP3, and MCM5 expression indicated dynamic proliferative and apoptotic stages.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen distribution in cell-loaded gels is dynamic and reaches equilibrium around 5 weeks.
  • The applied optical sensing techniques are effective for evaluating oxygen distribution in tissue engineering constructs.
  • Achieved oxygen levels are comparable to physiological ranges in bone-associated tissues, supporting TE applications.