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Related Concept Videos

Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

406
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
406
First Order Systems01:21

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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
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Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

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Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
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Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

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Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,
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Related Experiment Video

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Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Reminder systems during orthodontic treatment.

George Jones1, Rachel Goldsmith1, Katherine O'Donnell1

  • 1Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK.

Evidence-Based Dentistry
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Reminders significantly improve oral hygiene and appointment adherence in orthodontic patients. This systematic review found moderate to high quality evidence supporting the use of reminders for better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Public Health
  • Evidence-Based Dentistry
  • Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background:

  • Orthodontic treatment requires consistent patient adherence for optimal outcomes.
  • Poor oral hygiene and missed appointments can compromise treatment efficacy and duration.
  • Reminders are a potential intervention to improve patient engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of reminders on oral hygiene and appointment adherence in orthodontic patients.
  • To synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the impact of reminders.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials.
  • Searched multiple databases including CENTRAL, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and Embase.

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  • Assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool and analyzed data using a random-effects model.

    • Main Results:

    • Fourteen RCTs met inclusion criteria; nine contributed to meta-analyses.
    • Reminders significantly improved gingival condition and plaque control in the short term (1-3 months).
    • Long-term results showed sustained improvements in plaque and gingival scores, with reduced white spot lesions (WSLs) and appointment failures.

    Conclusions:

    • Reminders demonstrate a positive effect on oral hygiene and appointment adherence in orthodontic care.
    • Moderate to high quality evidence supports the use of reminders as an effective intervention.
    • Further high-quality RCTs with longer follow-ups are recommended to reinforce these findings.