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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure03:05

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Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
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In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
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Binary charge-transfer complexes using pyromellitic acid dianhydride featuring C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Tania N Hill1, Andreas Lemmerer1

  • 1Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag, PO WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic Communications
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Four new charge-transfer complexes were synthesized using pyromellitic acid dianhydride (pmda) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These complexes exhibit alternating donor-acceptor stacks connected by weak hydrogen bonds.

Keywords:
Hirshfeld surfacecharge transfercrystal structurehydrogen bonding

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Area of Science:

  • Crystal Engineering
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Charge-transfer complexes are crucial in developing novel electronic materials.
  • Pyromellitic acid dianhydride (pmda) is a versatile electron acceptor.
  • Understanding molecular interactions in these complexes informs material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel binary charge-transfer complexes.
  • To investigate the structural features and intermolecular interactions.
  • To explore the packing arrangements of donor and acceptor molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of four binary charge-transfer complexes.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
  • Structural characterization of molecular arrangements and hydrogen bonding.

Main Results:

  • Four complexes formed: pmda-naphthalene, pmda-fluoranthene, pmda-9-methyl-anthracene, and pmda-ethyl anthracene-9-carboxylate.
  • All complexes display alternating donor and acceptor stacks.
  • Weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds facilitate intermolecular connections.
  • Specific crystallographic details (Z') noted for complexes I, II, and IV.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully synthesized and structurally elucidated new pmda-based charge-transfer complexes.
  • The observed stacking and hydrogen bonding patterns provide insights into supramolecular assembly.
  • These findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of charge-transfer complex structures.