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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

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The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
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The Respiratory System01:16

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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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Quality control is one of the three cyclical quality assurance activities that help keep a system under statistical control. Typical quality control activities include creating quality control charts, conducting proficiency testing, and documenting and archiving results.
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Quality Assurance01:19

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Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Prospective respiratory triggering improves high-resolution brachial plexus MRI quality.

Darryl B Sneag1, Parrykumar Mendapara1, Jacqui C Zhu1

  • 1Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory triggering (RT) significantly improves brachial plexus MRI quality by reducing ghosting artifact and enhancing diagnostic confidence. This technique offers a valuable tool for clearer nerve visualization in clinical imaging.

Keywords:
MRIbrachial plexusrespiratory gatingrespiratory triggering

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Brachial plexus MRI is crucial for diagnosing abnormalities.
  • Ghosting artifact from respiratory motion can obscure nerve visualization.
  • Respiratory triggering (RT) is not routinely used for brachial plexus MRI, and its efficacy is unreported.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of brachial plexus MRI sequences with and without respiratory triggering.
  • To evaluate the impact of RT on image quality and diagnostic confidence.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving 5 volunteers and 20 patients.
  • Brachial plexus MRI acquired with and without RT using 3.0T MRI and flexible array coils.
  • Blind evaluation by 3 musculoskeletal radiologists assessing ghosting artifact, nerve conspicuity, and diagnostic confidence.

Main Results:

  • RT significantly reduced ghosting artifact (OR=0.21, P<0.001).
  • Overall image quality (OR=4.88, P<0.001) and diagnostic confidence (OR=3.72, P=0.002) were significantly improved with RT.
  • Mean scan time increased from 4:25 min (non-RT) to 6:09 min (RT), remaining within clinically optimal limits.

Conclusions:

  • Prospective RT with a thoracoabdominal bellows effectively minimizes ghosting artifact in brachial plexus MRI.
  • RT improves image quality and diagnostic confidence for brachial plexus imaging.
  • The benefits of RT are achieved within clinically acceptable acquisition times.