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Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
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Evolution and mutations predisposing to daptomycin resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST736

Guiqing Wang1,2, Fan Yu3, Henry Lin3

  • 1Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America.

Plos One
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) clone, ST736, emerged and spread, showing reduced daptomycin susceptibility. Genetic mutations in liaFSR and cls genes in ST736 strains are linked to daptomycin resistance, raising global health concerns.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) poses a significant healthcare challenge.
  • Previous studies identified VREfm clone ST736 with reduced daptomycin susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the population dynamics of local VREfm strains.
  • To identify genetic alterations associated with daptomycin resistance in VREfm ST736.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome sequencing of 250 E. faecium isolates from different time periods (1994-2013).
  • Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis.
  • Phenotypic testing for daptomycin resistance (MIC).

Main Results:

  • A shift in dominant VREfm clones was observed, with ST736 becoming prevalent by 2013.
  • VREfm ST736 emerged between 1996-2009, carrying specific liaFSR mutations.
  • 34.2% of ST736 isolates were daptomycin-resistant, with mutations in liaFSR and cls genes correlating with high-level resistance (MIC50=32 μg/mL).

Conclusions:

  • The emergence and clonal spread of VREfm ST736, driven by genetic mutations, significantly contributed to daptomycin resistance.
  • The expanding geographic distribution of ST736 warrants global monitoring due to its potential for widespread dissemination.