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Related Concept Videos

Balancing Redox Equations02:58

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Redox titration is a chemical analysis technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by measuring the electron transfer in a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. The process involves gradually adding a titrant with a known concentration of an oxidizing or reducing agent, to the analyte, the solution with an unknown concentration, until reaching the endpoint, which indicates the completion of the reaction between the two substances. Ensuring the analyte is in a single...
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Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
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Red fluorescent redox-sensitive biosensor Grx1-roCherry.

Arina G Shokhina1, Alexander I Kostyuk1, Yulia G Ermakova2

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.

Redox Biology
|December 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed Grx1-roCherry, a novel red redox-sensitive fluorescent protein (roFP) for imaging cellular redox states. This bright, pH-stable biosensor accurately reflects the glutathione redox potential, enabling advanced in vivo imaging applications.

Keywords:
2GSH/GSSGBiosensorGrx1-roCherryMultiparameter imagingRedox-sensitive fluorescent protein

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Redox-sensitive fluorescent proteins (roFPs) are crucial for visualizing intracellular redox dynamics.
  • Existing roFPs often exhibit limitations such as low brightness, high pH sensitivity, or suboptimal redox potential.
  • A red-shifted roFP with a redox potential near the physiological 2GSH/GSSG couple is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel red roFP with improved properties for redox imaging.
  • To assess the utility of the new red roFP in multiparameter imaging and in vivo studies.

Main Methods:

  • Protein engineering and characterization of Grx1-roCherry.
  • Spectroscopic analysis, including brightness and pH stability measurements.
  • Cellular imaging experiments under various metabolic conditions (hypoxia/reoxygenation) and in vivo studies.

Main Results:

  • Grx1-roCherry is the first red roFP with canonical red fluorescent protein topology and spectra.
  • It exhibits a midpoint redox potential of -311 mV, high brightness, and enhanced pH stability (pKa 6.7).
  • Successful application in multiparameter imaging demonstrated compartment- and cell-type-specific redox changes and in vivo imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Grx1-roCherry represents a significant advancement in red fluorescent biosensors for redox imaging.
  • Its properties enable precise monitoring of intracellular redox homeostasis and hydrogen peroxide dynamics.
  • The developed roFP is suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications, offering new possibilities for redox biology research.