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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Isolating Malignant and Non-Malignant B Cells from lck:eGFP Zebrafish
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Immunotoxins Targeting B cell Malignancy-Progress and Problems With Immunogenicity.

Daniel A Vallera1, Robert J Kreitman2

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. valle001@umn.edu.

Biomedicines
|December 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotoxins show promise for treating drug-resistant cancers, but patient immune responses (immunogenicity) are a challenge. This review explores strategies to overcome the immunogenicity of bacterial toxins used in cancer therapy.

Keywords:
B-cell malignanciesCD19CD22chemo-immunosuppressiondeimmunizeddiphtheria toxinimmunogenicityimmunotoxinpseudomonas exotoxin

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Immunotoxins are being investigated as alternative cancer therapies, particularly for drug-resistant malignancies.
  • Bacterial toxins, while effective, often elicit a strong anti-toxin immune response in patients, limiting their therapeutic use.
  • This immunogenicity is a significant hurdle for the clinical application of many potent toxins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research and development efforts aimed at overcoming the immunogenicity of immunotoxins.
  • To highlight strategies for mitigating the anti-toxin response in patients undergoing immunotoxin therapy.
  • To discuss the potential of immunotoxins as viable cancer treatments despite challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immunotoxin development and clinical trials.
  • Analysis of strategies employed to reduce the immunogenic potential of bacterial toxins.
  • Discussion of approaches to manage or circumvent patient anti-toxin responses.

Main Results:

  • Several strategies are under investigation to reduce the immunogenicity of bacterial toxins.
  • These strategies aim to improve the safety and efficacy of immunotoxin-based cancer therapies.
  • Addressing immunogenicity is crucial for the successful translation of immunotoxins into mainstream cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming immunogenicity is key to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of immunotoxins for cancer.
  • Continued research into novel strategies is essential for developing effective and safe immunotoxin-based treatments.
  • Immunotoxins remain a promising area of research for combating drug-resistant cancers.