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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Joints

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...

Method of Joints

Method of Joints

The method of joints is a commonly used technique to analyze the forces in structural trusses. The method is based on the principle of equilibrium, which assumes that the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. The forces at each joint can be determined by considering the equilibrium of the forces acting on that joint.
Since plane truss members are in the same plane, each joint is subjected to a coplanar and concurrent force system. To apply the method of joints, the first step is to...

Introduction to Joints

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Cotinine Testing Improves Smoking Cessation Before Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Adam Hart¹, William G Rainer¹, Michael J Taunton¹

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

The Journal of Arthroplasty

|December 24, 2018

Summary

Serum cotinine testing significantly improved self-reported smoking cessation rates in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). This method helps identify patients who falsely report abstinence, improving surgical outcomes.

Keywords:

cigarette cotinine nicotine quit tobacco total joint arthroplasty

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Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Individualized Stem-positioning in Calcar-guided Short-stem Total Hip Arthroplasty

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Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Public Health
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Active smoking increases perioperative complications in total joint arthroplasty (TJA).
Serum cotinine testing verifies smoking abstinence and aids cessation efforts.
Identifying and supporting smoking cessation is crucial for TJA patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if cotinine testing enhances self-reported smoking cessation rates prior to TJA.
To assess the impact of cotinine testing on preoperative smoking status verification.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 28,758 primary TJA patients from 2007-2018.
Comparison of self-reported quit rates between patients who did and did not undergo serum cotinine testing.
Smoking status documented via institutional total joint registry and clinic visits.

Main Results:

8.8% of TJA patients were identified as smokers.
The abstinence rate improved from 15.8% to 28.2% in the cotinine-tested group (P=.005).
15% of patients reporting cessation still had positive cotinine tests, indicating false abstinence.

Conclusions:

Cotinine testing significantly improves self-reported quit rates before TJA.
It identifies patients falsely reporting abstinence, enabling targeted counseling.
Implementing cotinine testing can enhance TJA patient safety and outcomes.