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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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Prospective study on image-guided navigation surgery for pelvic malignancies.

Jasper Nijkamp1, Koert F D Kuhlmann1, Oleksandra Ivashchenko1

  • 1Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|December 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new electromagnetic navigation system proved safe and feasible for complex pelvic surgeries. This advanced technology aids surgeons in tumor removal and lymph node dissection, improving surgical outcomes.

Keywords:
electromagnetic trackinglocally advanced rectal cancerpelvic recurrencessurgical navigation

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Device Technology
  • 3D Imaging in Medicine

Background:

  • Pelvic surgery for advanced tumors presents challenges due to confined spaces and critical anatomical structures.
  • Minimally invasive techniques are sought to improve precision and safety in these complex procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety, feasibility, accuracy, and usability of a novel electromagnetic navigation system for pelvic surgery.
  • To assess the system's potential to aid in the resection of advanced pelvic malignancies and lymph nodes.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving patients with pelvic malignancies.
  • Utilized preoperatively acquired imaging to create patient-specific 3D roadmaps.
  • Registered 3D roadmaps with intraoperative CT scans and employed a tracked pointer for surgical guidance.

Main Results:

  • The study included 33 patients with various pelvic cancers (colorectal, liposarcoma, gynecological).
  • The navigation system was safe and feasible in 31 patients, with no reported safety issues.
  • Achieved mean target registration errors of 4.0 mm (straight) and 6.3 mm (French position).
  • Negative margins were obtained in most locally advanced rectal tumor and recurrence cases.
  • Successfully removed 33 of 36 target lymph nodes, with surgeons reporting faster tumor localization and increased decisiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The novel electromagnetic navigation system is a safe and feasible tool for pelvic surgery.
  • The system demonstrates potential to enhance surgical precision and facilitate complex pelvic tumor resections.