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PCR

PCR

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

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Linear Amplification Mediated PCR – Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR – Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Published on: June 25, 2014

Cross-Genera PCR Amplification of DNA from Apicomplexan Parasites.

Philippe Gil de Mendonça¹

¹Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases

|December 26, 2018

Summary

This study evaluated primer pair specificity for Babesia and Theileria detection. The primers showed cross-genera amplification, useful for excluding many parasites in PCR negative samples.

Keywords:

Babesia Hammondia Hepatozoon Theileria Toxoplasma

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Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Parasitology
Genetics

Background:

An unexpected genetic sequence questioned the specificity of primers designed for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.
This prompted an investigation into the primer pair's cross-genera amplification potential.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the specificity of a primer pair targeting Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.
To determine if the primer pair exhibits cross-genera amplification.

Main Methods:

Conventional end-point PCR and real-time PCR were employed.
Primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene V4 hypervariable region were tested.
DNA from various parasitic protists and pathogenic bacteria was used as template.

Main Results:

The primer pair successfully amplified DNA from five apicomplexan genera: Babesia, Theileria, Hepatozoon, Toxoplasma, and Hammondia.
No amplification was observed with DNA from Leishmania infantum or bacteria (Borrelia, Leptospira, Anaplasma).

Conclusions:

The primer pair exhibits cross-genera amplification within certain apicomplexan genera.
This broad amplification is beneficial for rapidly excluding numerous parasite species in PCR-negative diagnostic samples.
Species-level identification necessitates subsequent genetic sequencing of positive PCR amplicons.