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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)01:42

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Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...
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Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
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Arrhythmia Mechanisms Revealed by Ripple Mapping.

George Katritsis1, Vishal Luther1, Prapa Kanagaratnam1

  • 1Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Imperial College Healthcare London, UK.

Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review
|December 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ripple mapping offers a new way to visualize heart electrical activity, simplifying the identification of arrhythmia causes and ablation targets. This 3D electrogram technique aids in managing atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias effectively.

Keywords:
Atrial tachycardiacatheter ablationelectroanatomic mappingripple mappingventricular tachycardia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Traditional electroanatomic mapping requires complex data processing and experienced personnel.
  • Identifying the precise mechanism and optimal ablation site for tachyarrhythmias can be challenging.
  • Existing methods may involve interpolation or prior assignment of local activation times, potentially introducing inaccuracies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present evidence on the benefits of Ripple Mapping for diagnosing and managing tachyarrhythmias.
  • To compare Ripple Mapping with traditional electroanatomic mapping techniques.
  • To highlight Ripple Mapping's utility in identifying tachycardia mechanisms and optimal ablation sites.

Main Methods:

  • Ripple mapping is a novel 3D intracardiac electrogram visualization technique.
  • It allows visual tracking of myocardial activation without pre-assigned local activation times or interpolation.
  • The method was evaluated in the context of electrophysiological procedures for atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Main Results:

  • Ripple mapping facilitates visual tracking of myocardial activation.
  • It assists in identifying tachycardia mechanisms and optimal ablation sites.
  • The technique reduces reliance on experienced computer-operating assistants.

Conclusions:

  • Ripple mapping offers a simplified and effective approach to 3D electrogram visualization.
  • It provides significant benefits over traditional electroanatomic mapping for tachyarrhythmia management.
  • This method enhances the diagnosis and treatment of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias during electrophysiological procedures.