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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Machines are complex structures consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that work together to transmit forces. One example of a machine is the cutting plier, which is used to cut wires by applying forces to its handles. When equal and opposite forces are exerted on the handles of the cutting plier, they cause the cutting edges to come together and apply equal and opposite reaction forces on the wire, which are greater than the applied forces.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
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Innovative corneal active storage machine for long-term eye banking.

Thibaud Garcin1,2, Anne-Sophie Gauthier1, Emmanuel Crouzet1

  • 1Corneal Graft Biology, Engineering and Imaging Laboratory, BiiGC, EA2521, Federative Institute of Research in Sciences and Health Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|December 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

An active eye banking bioreactor improves endothelial cell survival by 23% compared to organ culture. This novel method enhances corneal quality and may alleviate global donor cornea scarcity.

Keywords:
basic (laboratory) research/sciencebioengineeringcellular biologycorneal transplantation/ophthalmologyimmunohistochemistryorgan perfusion and preservationtissue (nonvascularized)translational research/sciencetransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Current ex vivo corneal storage methods, including cold storage and organ culture, result in significant endothelial cell loss, impacting graft survival.
  • Endothelial cell viability is critical for corneal graft success, and current storage limitations contribute to donor cornea scarcity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an active storage machine (bioreactor) that restores intraocular pressure and medium renewal for ex vivo corneal storage.
  • To assess the impact of the bioreactor on endothelial cell survival, Na+/K+ ATPase expression, and corneal tissue characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Corneas were stored using a novel active storage machine (bioreactor) that actively maintains intraocular pressure and renews storage medium.
  • Comparison of endothelial cell survival rates and Na+/K+ ATPase expression between corneas stored in the bioreactor and those in organ culture after 4 weeks.
  • Assessment of corneal thickness and transparency post-storage.

Main Results:

  • The bioreactor demonstrated a 23% improvement in endothelial cell survival compared to organ culture after 4 weeks of storage.
  • Corneas stored in the bioreactor exhibited a 4-fold increase in Na+/K+ ATPase expression, indicating enhanced cellular function.
  • Corneas maintained optimal thinness and transparency in the bioreactor, remaining suitable for surgical transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • Active corneal storage in a bioreactor significantly enhances endothelial cell survival and function compared to conventional organ culture.
  • This innovative eye banking method preserves corneal tissue quality, potentially increasing the supply of viable donor corneas.
  • The bioreactor technology offers a promising solution to address the global shortage of donor corneas for transplantation.